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Dr. Allan has done extensive research into the origin and nature of simian
retroviruses as a scientist in the Department of Virology and Immunology at
Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research. He serves on the FDA's Advisory
Subcommittee on Xenotransplantation, as well as the Secretary's Advisory
Committee on Xenotransplantation. Since 1994 he has been working to highlight
the risks of infectious diseases from animals to humans in the transplant
setting. In this interview, Allan discusses the potential threat of other
unknown viruses beyond the PERV virus. (Interviewed Winter 2001)
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Auchincloss is associate professor of surgery at Harvard Medical School and
associate visiting surgeon at Massachusetts General Hospital, as well as chair
of the FDA's Subcommittee on Xenotransplantation. He serves on the editorial
board of the journals Xenotransplantation and Transplantation
Reviews. He believes that although there is not enough data to justify
whole organ xenotransplants, we should proceed with limited, carefully
monitored cellular xenotransplant clinical trials. (Interviewed Spring-Winter
2000)
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Bach is professor of surgery at Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel
Deaconess Medical Center and director of the Immunobiology Research Center. He
is on the editorial board of the journal Xenotransplantation. Bach and
colleagues have called for a moratorium on clinical trials until the public
fully understands the risks and benefits of xenotransplants. (Interviewed
Winter 2001)
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Berger is Executive Director of the Animal Protection Institute, a national
animal advocacy nonprofit organization in Sacramento, California. Since 1994
his research has centered on the ethics, economic cost and alternatives to
xenotransplantation. He is a member of the Secretary's Advisory Committee on
Xenotransplantation. (Interviewed Winter 2001)
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Bishop is the president of Infigen, Inc., a private biotechnology company,
which specializes in cloning and gene mapping. In this interview, he explains
how the company is working on creating and cloning genetically modified pigs
and the impact this will have on xeno transplant technology(Interviewed
Spring-Winter 2000)
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Cooper is an associate professor of surgery at Harvard Medical School, and an
immunologist at the Transplantation Biology Research Center at Massachusetts
General Hospital. He is the editor of the journal Xenotransplantation
and the co-author of Xeno: The Promise of Transplanting Animal Organs into
Humans (Oxford UP, 2000). He believes pig organ survival in baboons should
last three to six months before human clinical trials can proceed. (Interviewed
Winter 2001)
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Daniels is a professor of medical ethics at Tufts Medical School, as well as
the Goldthwaite Professor in the Tufts Philosophy University Department. He
joined Fritz Bach in his 1998 call for a moratorium on xenotransplants pending
further public discussion. He has consulted on issues of justice and health
policy for the UN, the WHO and the President's Commission for the Study of
Ethical Problems in Medicine. In his interview with FRONTLINE, he addresses
some of the holes in the FDA's xenotransplantation guidelines. (Interviewed
Winter 2001)
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Heneine is the Chief of the Molecular Epidemiology and Zoonoses Section, HIV
and Retrovirology Branch of the National Center for Infectious Disease of the
Centers for Disease Control. His primary research involves the monitoring of
risks posed by exposure to animal retroviruses. In this interview he discusses
the PERV virus threat, but argues that limited human clinical trials should
proceed with caution and stringent monitoring. (Interviewed Spring-Winter
2000)
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Lyons is director of Uncaged Campaigns, an animal rights group in the UK which
in May 2000 received a stack of leaked internal documents on xeno experiments
on primates. He is a specialist in the ethics of xenotransplantation, which he
is currently researching for his PhD qualification. His work has appeared in
the Bulletin of Medical Ethics, the Medical Law Review and in a
textbook for law students. (Interviewed Spring 2000)
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Sachs is professor of surgery at Harvard Medical School and director of
Transplantation Biology Research Center at Massachusetts General Hospital. He
is the founding editor of the journal Xenotransplantation and currently
sits on its editorial board. Over the past twenty-five years, Sachs has bred a
line of miniature swine for use in xenotransplantation. In this interview, he
discusses his discovery that one particular line of these miniature swine does
not transmit the PERV virus. (Interviewed Spring-Winter 2000)
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Salomon is the an associate professor in the Department of Molecular and
Experimental Medicine at the Scripps research Institute in La Jolla,
California, and chair of the FDA's Biological Response Modifiers Advisory
Committee. He also serves on the Secretary's Advisory Committee on
Xenotransplantation. While he believes maintaining public safety is paramount
to moving forward with xenotransplantation, he also argues "If you regulate the
technology out of existence before the technology has shown any evidence of its
promise, then you've robbed future generations of a tremendous boon."
(Interviewed Winter 2001)
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A pioneer in the field of transplantation, Starzl performed the first
successful liver allotransplant in 1967. In 1992 and 1993, while at the
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, he performed two unsuccessful
baboon-to-human liver transplants. In this interview he describes his current
research, which is focused on understanding how chimerism -- the coexistence of
donor and recipient cells in a transplant patient -- can potentially help lead
to organ acceptance, known as tolerance. (Interviewed Spring-Winter 2000)
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Weiss is a virologist at University College, London. In 1997 he and
colleagues documented two infectious strains of the PERV virus that could
infect human cells in the lab, leading to the FDA's temporary halt of all
clinical xeno trials. (Interviewed Spring-Winter 2000)
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