R.W. Apple, Jr.,
Washington Bureau Chief, The New York Times
A reporter with a knack for being at the right place at the right time, Apple was at the '74 Bob Dole-Bill Roy debate when Dole attacked Dr. Roy for performing abortions.
Interviewed June 13, 1996
FL:
What are your memories of the Bill Roy-Dole campaign, and why has it been
described about [as] an especially, sort of vicious one?
APPLE:
I went out to Kansas before the Dole-Roy election because it was, to me, a kind
of fight for the soul of the Republican party, between these two traditions,
the Taft and the Eisenhower wings of the party, if you will, between what
Nelson Rockefeller represented, and the more conservative and traditional,
midwest. I went to a high school. And Dole, afterwards, talking to some kids,
raised the question, how many abortions has he been involved in. Out of the
blue. As if, this were the central point on which his opponent should be
judged. This startled me. This seemed to me quite beyond the pale. Politics
was a little more gentlemanly in those days than it is now. Attack commercials
were not the order of the day. And this was, going for the jugular of a man
very much respected in the, in his community and in the state, on an issue
which was not part of the political dialogue or political flux, either of the
time, or of the place. In other words, it was dragging something in to try to
save what looked then like a dying campaign.
FL:
What, what do you think that kind of attack. What does it tell us about this
so-called dark side of Dole?
APPLE:
Well, Senator Dole, to my eye at least, and to my ear, is a man with certain
insecurities. He, perhaps more than most of us, has a right to insecurities,
has a right to feeling that his hold on success is tenuous. He came from a
very, tough background. Not tough in a criminal sense, but tough in an
economic sense. He's talked about moving into the basement to save money. His
family was on the bottom rung in Russell, Kansas, and Russell, Kansas is a
place where the top rung is not very high off the ground. He had this horrible
experience in World War II, from which he clawed his way back, by dint of
tremendous will. He is, familiar with failure. Familiar with defeat. And it
has, in my view, bred two qualities in him. One is a tremendous tenacity. He
had, and has had to have tremendous tenacity to come back from a shattering
wound. But it has also bred a certain feeling of insecurity, of worry that
this all might go away in a big hurry. And of course that has only been
exaggerated by the difficulties he has had in the national political forum.
FL:
So you think in particular in that Bill Roy moment, what was happening there?
Where did that come from?
APPLE:
One never knows, of course, why people do things. People sometimes don't
know, for sure, why they do things. But, my judgment then, and now, was that
Senator Dole saw it all slipping away from him. It was relatively late in the
campaign. He had a very promising future. It was about to become a very
promising past. And he went for an issue, he stooped to conquer in a way that
was, to me, a reflection of his determination to survive and to succeed, not at
any cost, but at considerable cost.
FL:
Clinton, and the Lani Guinier nomination. What happened? And then, tell us of
your conversation with Clinton and what that reveals.
APPLE:
One of the most revealing episodes in the early Clinton presidency was that
involving Lani Guinier. The law professor. Black woman. Friend of Clinton
at Yale. Nominated to head the Civil Rights division of the Justice
Department. And, one of the examples, that the President and Mrs. Clinton held
up in their campaign to make their administration look more like America, in
other words, to have more diversity. More members of minority groups, more
women than had been the custom in Washington where governments were largely
composed of white males. Middle-aged white males. She had written some law
school articles. Without going into exhaustive detail, they basically
suggested that in certain ways special standards applied to Black people
because they'd had a special experience. This set up a hue and cry from
conservatives. And the President began retreating and ultimately he cut her
loose.
As it happened, the night that President Clinton told Guinier that she wasn't
going to get the job and that he was withdrawing her name, my wife and I were
invited to the White House for dinner. This is not an every day occurrence.
It was a stroke of luck for me, in many ways. The President was two hours
late, or very nearly, for his appointment with this small group of us. This
was one of the small dinners that he gave. He was repairing relations, we were
told, with the Washington press corps. I was placed at his table. And when he
came in and sat down after a certain amount of small talk, I said, Mr.
President, the word was when I left the office that you were going to sort out
the Lani Guinier thing tonight. Have you done so? And he said, yes, I've
told her that, I'm going to withdraw her nomination, I can't support her, I've
read the law review articles, she doesn't stand for what I stand for. Somebody
at the table, I can't remember who, perhaps a journalist, perhaps someone else,
it was a mixed crowd, said, well, she's your friend. Couldn't you stand behind
her even if she couldn't clear the Senate, even if you did take a defeat at
least you'd have been standing behind your friend. And he said, no, I don't
agree with what she said, and so I pulled the nomination.
But he went farther. He, started talking about how wonderful she was, at the
very moment when he had told us that he had chopped off the limb. Here is one
of the things he said. "I love her. I think she's wonderful. If she called
me and told me she needed five thousand dollars, I'd take it from my account
and send it to her. No questions asked." At the very least, a remarkable
thing to say about someone whom you have just hit with a 2 by 4. Of whom you
have just exposed to a certain amount of public humiliation and scorn by
abandoning her. That was a very important moment in the Clinton presidency.
He also pulled the nominations of Zoe Baird and Kimba Wood. To be Attorney
General. But he didn't have a close personal relationship, the way he did with
Lani Guinier and the way Mrs. Clinton did with Lani Guinier. To say the
least, neither of them, any longer has a close personal relationship with Lani
Guinier.
FL:
What do you think he ought to have done?
APPLE:
Well, the first thing he ought to have done, is check out what she'd been
writing. It is one of dozens of stories about the Clinton Administration,
particularly in its earlier days which suggest a level of competence that would
not be tolerated on the school board in Westport, Connecticut. You, of course,
check people out. You of course, if you're, choosing somebody for a very
sensitive post that deals with an area of the law, see to it that you are
informed, either through your own reading or the vetting of people on your
staff, what position she has taken on the law in that area. And he hadn't done
it. He read, he told me, he read the law review articles, that day or the day
before, in the car on the way to Frederick, Maryland and back for a speech.
That's very sloppy. Having done that, having found himself in this situation,
having had the law review articles, which by the way were perfectly searchable
by the standard legal computer base. Having had these surface, I think he
should've stuck with her, because I think it would [have] been a better political
thing to do, and a better human thing to do. The two are not always in
congruence. But this was a case where they were. It woulda been the more
honorable thing to do, to stand by someone whom you had proposed. Lani
Guinier did not come to Washington petitioning for this job. The Clintons
chose her. Brought her into this debate, so to speak. And, it woulda been
wise politically to have at least some of the onus for her not getting the job
fall on the Congress, and on the opposition party.
FL:
When you were talking to me about the capacity for friendship or the way
various politicians treat their friends, you used the analogy from the book
The Great Gatsby.
APPLE:
The Clintons have a very wide circle of friends and acquaintances, drawn from
various times in their lives. The expression, FOB, Friend of Bill has become
common currency, it could be just as easily FOH, Friends of Hillary's because a
lot of her friends have been active in this administration, whether holding
jobs or not, like Susan Thomases, who has stayed in New York but has been a
very major presence in the administration. I don't want to suggest at all that
all or even most of these people feel hard done by because many of them don't,
many of them have had a great experience being in government. But at the same
time, there is about them as there was about Tom and Daisy Buchanan in The
Great Gatsby, Scott Fitzgerald's novel of upward social mobility on Long
Island. There is a certain sense that what matters most is the rise and rise
of Bill and Hillary Clinton. The Lani Guinier episode was an episode that
crystallized that for many people. Some of the friends who have suffered by
being in the Clinton Administration have suffered as far as we know, through no
fault of the Clintons, that's certainly true of, of most of the Little Rock
victims, people who came from the Rose law firm and went back, having failed to
take over the government. But, one feels a kind of relentless ambition, that
one does not feel, for example, with Bob Dole. Dole, wants to be President
very badly, but in a very different sort of way. For example, Dole does not
like the trappings of politics very much...the applause and the gifts from the
local supporters and all of that. Clinton is always talked about as being the
policy wonk, but Dole is the person that really likes to pass bills, and get
things into the law books. I don't think that Dole has the kind of desire for
power that Clinton does. That may be wrong. But I don't think so.
FL:
Just to go back to this.... at what point do you stick by your friends and at
what point--
APPLE:
Well, that's a very difficult question for every one of us. I've had friends
who have gone to jail. Not a lot, but one or two. And I've had friends who
have, oh, in one way or another done very badly and done, evil things to other
people. Perhaps not illegal things but evil. And, you, wonder how long you
stay with them. I guess it depends to a degree on the depth of the friendship.
If the friendship's deep enough it'll survive almost anything. Lani Guinier
was supposed to be a close friend of the Clintons. A very close friend. She
was so described by both of the Clintons. I don't think that that episode
suggests that it was a very deep friendship.
FL:
She perceives it as such though. Well how then do you--
APPLE:
But she did beforehand, but she didn't afterwards did she? I'm not sure that
they didn't perceive it as such beforehand. There is such a thing as
self-delusion in this, or if you want to be kinder, there is such a thing as
friendship that hasn't been tested. Friendship, that makes no demands, and
poses no tests, is easy.
FL: How in the first 2 or 3 years the governor and it's playing itself out again.
What are those, over-arching themes that are connected in a very deep way to
the person?
APPLE:
I see in, in Bill Clinton, tremendous capacities. He is, articulate, sometimes
too articulate. He is, very bright. He is extremely well-informed on policy
questions and on a large number of them. He has exhibited these qualities
since before he went into politics. They were the qualities in large part that
brought him from Hope, Arkansas to Georgetown, to Oxford to Yale Law School.
But there are other qualities that have been on show during those years. One,
is a longing to be loved. A person who knew him well at Yale, who was in his
class at the Yale Law School once said to me, this was very early when I was
just beginning to get to know Clinton and to understand him a little bit.
Long before he was elected President. You have to remember, this is a man
who's always running for Student Council President. This is a man who wants to
be liked by everyone in the class. This is a person who wants to have under
his picture in the yearbook "Best Liked Boy". I think that still exists. I
think that, more than most politicians, obviously politicians by definition
have to want to be liked at least by 50% plus. But Clinton seems to crave
approval, even adulation, from people of very different kinds, with very
different views and very different interests.
Another quality that I have seen, both in his public and private life to the
degree I'm privy to his private life which is a very small degree, is
indiscipline. There was a famous lack of discipline, there was a famous moment
at the convention in Atlanta when he talked on and on and on until the only
applause that he got towards the end of the speech was when he uttered the
word, "finally". That showed up early in his term, his speeches were too
prolix. He tended to give a 14 sentence answer at press conferences when 1
sentence would do. It has shown up in his somewhat, ragged marriage, and his
apparent involvement with other women on a fairly large scale, while he was
married. It has shown up in his great difficulty, particularly before the
arrival of Leon Panetta at the White House, in putting in place and enforcing
some sort of mechanism to handle his staff. This may sound like very technical
stuff, staff management, but if you have 2 or 3 hundred people on your personal
staff, and you don't put together a system, that means you don't have to see
all 3 hundred. That means, in fact, that staff studies, proposals, ideas,
intelligence flows to you through 2 or 3 or 4 people, you're going to be in
terrible trouble. As somebody said to me about that staff, in the early days,
this is a staff that you have to visualize as a wagon wheel, all rim and hub
and no spokes. And sometimes Clinton would see 6 or 7 or 8 or 9, 10 people on
an issue in 2 or 3 days. Rather than getting, from one or two people, papers
or verbal oral presentations saying, here are the options and here are the
arguments. Panetta has reigned that in to some degree, but that was an
important failing.
Another important failing that I think he can attribute to lack of discipline
is his attempt to do everything right at the beginning. Now there's an old
piece of Washington lore which says that you must, go full speed ahead right at
the beginning because your mandate is never as strong as it is the day after
you're inaugurated. And I think there's some truth in that. But if you
inherit a hundred thousand dollars, you may have all your best ideas for
spending it on day one, but you need a little bit to live on as you go along.
And he spent almost all his capital right away, and he has had to rebuild it
from almost nothing, in the latter part of his Administration.
continued
